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More Than Bugs: Spiders Also Like to Eat Vegetarian
Spiders are known to be the classic example of insectivorous predators. Zoologists from the University of Basel, the US and UK have now been able to show that their diet is more diverse than expected. Their findings show that spiders like to spice up their menu with the occasional vegetarian meal. The Journal of Arachnology has published the results.
14 March 2016
Although traditionally viewed as a predator of insects, researchers have become increasingly aware that spiders are not exclusively insectivorous. Some spiders have been shown to enrich their diets by occasionally feasting on fish, frogs or even bats. A new study by Zoologists from the University of Basel, Brandeis University (US) and Cardiff University (UK) now shows evidence of spiders eating plant food as well.
Plants as diet supplement
The researchers gathered and documented numerous examples from literature of spiders eating plant food. According to their systematic review, spiders from ten families have been reported feeding on a wide variety of different plant types such as trees, shrubs, weeds, grasses, ferns or orchids. They also show a diverse taste when it comes to the type of plant food: nectar, plant sap, honeydew, leaf tissue, pollen and seeds are all on the menu.
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Juvenile jumping spider Baheera kiplingi consuming a Beltian body on a bullhorn acacia in Akumal Mexico. Beltian bodies are lipid- and protein-rich detachable leaflet tips of acacias (photo by Eric J. Scully, Harvard University).link.zoom -
Adult female jumping spider Maevia inclemens drinking nectar at the extrafloral nectaries of a Prunus shrub. In their search for nectar, the spider wanders over plants and stops at nectaries. It then presses its mouthparts into the nectary opening imbibing nectar. Nectar has high sugar content and is an energy-rich food source (photo by David E. Hill, Peckham Society, Simpsonville, South Carolina).link.zoom -
Jumping spider Pelegrina galathea drinking nectar at extrafloral nectaries of an unspecified shrub (photos by David E. Hill, Peckham Society, Simpsonville, South Carolina).link.zoom -
Jumping spider Plexippus sp. covered with yellow Hibiscus pollen in Kinshasa, Congo (Photo by Nick Hobgood, University of South Pacific).link.zoom -
Female jumping spider Hentzia mitrata is drinking plant sap after biting into a Prunus leaf. The exuding liquid associated with this behavior can be seen clearly (photo by David Hill, Peckham Society, Simpsonville, South Carolina).link.zoom
The most prominent group of spiders engaged in plant-eating are Salticidae – a diurnal spider family with characteristically large anterior median eyes. Salticidae were attributed with up to 60 percent of all plant-eating incidents documented in this study. As plant-dwelling, highly mobile foragers with excellent capability to detect suitable plant food, these spiders seems to be predestined to include some plant food in their diets.
Global feeding behavior
Spiders feeding on plants is global in its extent, as such behavior has been reported from all continents except Antarctica. However, it is documented more frequently from warmer areas. The researchers suggest that this might be due to the fact that a larger number of the reports relate to nectar consumption which has its core distribution in warmer areas where plants secreting large amounts of nectar are widespread.
“The ability of spiders to derive nutrients from plants is broadening the food base of these animals; this might be a survival mechanism helping spiders to stay alive during periods when insects are scarce”, says lead author Martin Nyffeler from the University of Basel in Switzerland. “In addition, diversifying their diet with plant is advantageous from a nutritional point of view, since diet mixing is optimizing nutrient intake.” However, the extent to which the different categories of plant food contribute to the spiders’ diet is still largely unexplored.
Original source
Martin Nyffeler, Eric J. Olson, William O.C. Symondson
Plant-eating by spiders
Journal of Arachnology (2016) 44: 15-27 | doi: 10.1636/P15-45.1
Further information
PD Dr. Martin Nyffeler, University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Tel. +41 61 702 07 03, email: martin.nyffeler@unibas.ch
