Examples of the Implementation of the 3Rs Principle at the University of Basel

In-vitro models «in the test tube» (cell, tissue, organ cultures)
In-silico computer models
Non-invasive imaging methods such as PET, CT or MRI
Organoids (cell assemblies with similar structure to organs)
Multi-organ chips / bio-reactor
Analysis of physicochemical properties, data from non-animal tests and from humans
Clinical research on humans

Use of lower evolutionary species or early developmental stages, e.g., invertebrates (nematode, fruit fly), zebrafish, embryos and fetuses of mammals, birds, reptiles prior to the last third of gestation
Isolated tissues or organs from surplus animals or animals killed exclusively for collection purposes
Pluripotent stem cells

Innovative techniques such as «micro-sampling» in mice; allows repeated blood sampling from the same animal instead of using new animals for each sample
Improvements in experimental design and statistical methods
Non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET, CT or MRI
Exchange of animal material/organs between research groups
Optimization of breeding programs (avoidance of excess breeding)

Non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET, CT or MRI
Optimization of interventions (e.g. blood sampling, euthanasia)
Handling & restraint of animals – less aversive methods
Optimization of methods for anesthesia and pain relief
Optimization of monitoring of animal welfare and pain detection
Definition of termination criteria («humane endpoints»)
Improvement of housing conditions (e.g. «enrichment», group housing)
Compensation for specific burdens (offering wet food, food/water on cage floor, softer bedding)